Bencana kelaparan Soviet 1932–33 adalah sebuah bencana kelaparan besar yang menewaskan jutaan orang di wilayah penghasil utama di Uni Soviet , termasuk Ukraina , , dan , [ 1 ] Pegunungan Ural Selatan, dan Barat Siberia . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Holodomor di Ukraina dan bencana kelaparan Kazakhstan 1932–1933 dipandang sebagai genosida yang dilakukan oleh pemerintahan Joseph Stalin ; lebih dari 3 juta orang tewas di Ukraina dan 600,000 (15% dari seluruh orang Kazakh) tewas di Kazakhstan. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
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Referensi
- ^ Engerman, David. Modernization from the Other Shore (Google Books) .
- ^ "Famine on the South Siberia" . Human Science . RU : NSC. hlm. 15.
- ^ "Demographic aftermath of the famine in Kazakhstan" . Weekly . RU : Demoscope. Jan 1, 2003.
- ^ NICCOLÒ PIANCIOLA (2001). "The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933". Harvard Ukrainian Studies . Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 25 (3–4): 237–251. JSTOR 41036834 . PMID 20034146 .
- ^ Volkava, Elena (2012-03-26). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space" . Wilson Center . Diakses tanggal 2015-07-09 .
- ^ Татимов М. Б. Социальная обусловленность демографических процессов. Алма-Ата,1989. С.124
Sumber
- ; (2004), The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–33 ; Harrison, Davies, Wheatcroft 2004 ( PDF ) (review), UK : Warwick .
- Ellman, Michael (June 2007), "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited" (PDF) , Europe-Asia Studies , Routledge , 59 (4): 663–93, doi : 10.1080/09668130701291899 , diarsipkan dari versi asli ( PDF ) tanggal 2015-04-15 , diakses tanggal 2018-01-02 .
- Finn, Peter (April 27, 2008), "Aftermath of a Soviet Famine" , The Washington Post .
- Kuromiya, Hiroaki (June 2008), "The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered" , Europe-Asia Studies , 60 (4): 663–75, doi : 10.1080/09668130801999912 .
- Luciuk, Lubomyr Y, ed, Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine, Kingston, Kashtan Press, 2008
- Markoff, A (1933), Famine in USSR .
- Thorson, Carla (May 5, 2003), The Soviet Famine of 1931–33: Politically Motivated or Ecological Disaster? , UCLA International Institute .
- Wheatcroft, SG (April 1990), "More light on the scale of repression and excess mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1930s" ( PDF ) , Soviet Studies , Tripod .
- Kondrashin, Viktor, ed. (2009), Famine in the Soviet Union 1929–1934 (PDF) (slide stack), Katz, Nikita B transl. docs.; Dolgova, Alexandra transl. note from compilers; Glizchinskaya, Natalia design, RU: Russian Archives, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-03-19 .