Bahasa Amami Oshima Utara adalah suatu bahasa Ryukyu yang dituturkan di Amami Oshima dan kepulauan sekitarnya, Prefektur Kagoshima , Jepang . [ 1 ] [ 5 ] Bahasa ini umumnya dianggap sebagai dialek utara dari bahasa Amami Oshima , selain dialek selatan . [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
Menurut Ethnologue , ada 10.000 penutur bahasa Amami Ōshima Selatan, [ 6 ] sedangkan bahasa Amami Oshima Utara memiliki 1.800 penutur. [ 1 ] Dua dialek tersebut terancam punah, karena generasi muda menuturkan bahasa Jepang Baku atau dialek bahasa Jepang setempat yang disebut sebagai . [ 7 ] [ 8 ]
Fonologi
Konsonan
| Dwibibir | Alveolar |
Pasca-
alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glotal | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VOX | VOX | VOX | VOX | |||||||||||||
| Sengau | mˀ | m | nˀ | n | ||||||||||||
| Letup | p˭ | b | tʰ | t˭ | d | kʰ | k˭ | ɡ | ʔ | |||||||
| Gesek | t͡ʃʰ | t͡ʃ˭ | ||||||||||||||
| Frikatif | s | ( z ) | h | |||||||||||||
| Hampiran | j | w | ||||||||||||||
| Kepakan | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
Vokal
| Depan | Madya | Belakang | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tinggi | i | u | |
| Tengah | e | ɘ | o |
| a |
Transkripsi
Berikut merupakan transkripsi bahasa Amami Oshima Utara di , Kagoshima :
| /i/ | /ï/ | /e/ | /ë/ | /a/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ja/ | /jo/ | /ju/ | /wï/ | /wë/ | /wa/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /Ø/ |
/i/
[ji] |
/ï/
[ï] |
/e/
[je] |
/a/
[a] |
/o/
[o] |
/u/
[wu] |
/ja/
[ja] |
/jo/
[jo] |
/ju/
[ju] |
(/wï/
[wï]) |
/wë/
[wë] |
/wa/
[wa] |
|
| /ʔ/ |
/ʔi/
[ʔi] |
/ʔe/
[ʔe] |
/ʔa/
[ʔa] |
/ʔo/
[ʔo] |
/ʔu/
[ʔu] |
/ʔja/
[ʔja] |
/ʔju/
[ʔju] |
/ʔwï/
[ʔwï] |
/ʔwa/
[ʔwa] |
||||
| /h/ |
/hi/
[çi] |
/hë/
[hë] |
/ha/
[ha] |
/ho/
[ho] |
/hu/
[ɸu] |
/hja/
[ça] |
(/hjo/
[ço]) |
/hju/
[çu] |
/hwï/
[ɸï] |
/hwë/
[ɸë] |
|||
| /k ʔ / |
/k
ʔ
i/
[k ʔ i] |
/k
ʔ
e/
[k ʔ e] |
/k
ʔ
ë/
[k ʔ ë] |
/k
ʔ
a/
[k ʔ a] |
/k
ʔ
o/
[k ʔ o] |
/k
ʔ
u/
[k ʔ u] |
/k
ʔ
ja/
[k ʔ ja] |
/k
ʔ
jo/
[k ʔ jo] |
/k
ʔ
ju/
[k ʔ ju] |
/k
ʔ
wë/
[k ʔ wë] |
/k
ʔ
wa/
[k ʔ wa] |
||
| /k/ |
/ki/
[ki] |
/kï/
[kï] |
/ke/
[ke] |
/kë/
[kë] |
/ka/
[ka] |
/ko/
[ko] |
/ku/
[ku] |
/kja/
[kja] |
/kjo/
[kjo] |
/kju/
[kju] |
/kwë/
[kwë] |
(/kwa/
[kwa]) |
|
| /g/ |
/gi/
[gi] |
/gï/
[gï] |
/ge/
[ge] |
/gë/
[gë] |
/ga/
[ga] |
/go/
[go] |
/gu/
[gu] |
/gja/
[gja] |
/gjo/
[gjo] |
/gju/
[gju] |
/gwa/
[gwa] |
||
| /t ʔ / |
/t
ʔ
i/
[t ʔ i] |
/t
ʔ
ï/
[t ʔ ï] |
(/t
ʔ
e/
[t ʔ e]) |
/t
ʔ
ë/
[t ʔ ë] |
/t
ʔ
a/
[t ʔ a] |
/t
ʔ
o/
[t ʔ o] |
/t
ʔ
u/
[t ʔ u] |
||||||
| /t/ |
/ti/
[ti] |
/tï/
[tï] |
/te/
[te] |
/të/
[të] |
/ta/
[ta] |
/to/
[to] |
/tu/
[tu] |
||||||
| /d/ |
/di/
[di] |
/dï/
[dï] |
(/de/
[de]) |
/dë/
[dë] |
/da/
[da] |
/do/
[do] |
/du/
[du] |
||||||
| /c ʔ / |
/c
ʔ
i/
[t ʔ ʃi] |
/c
ʔ
ï/
[t ʔ sï] |
(/c
ʔ
e/
[t ʔ se]) |
(/c
ʔ
a/
[t ʔ sa]) |
/c
ʔ
u/
[t ʔ su] |
/c
ʔ
ja/
[t ʔ ʃa] |
/c
ʔ
jo/
[t ʔ ʃo] |
/c
ʔ
ju/
[t ʔ ʃu] |
|||||
| /c/ |
/ci/
[tʃi] |
(/cï/
[tsï]) |
(/ce/
[tʃe]) |
/cja/
[tʃa] |
/cjo/
[tʃo] |
/cju/
[tʃu] |
|||||||
| /s/ |
/si/
[ʃi] |
/sï/
[sï] |
/se/
[se] |
/së/
[së] |
/sa/
[sa] |
/so/
[so] |
/su/
[su] |
/sja/
[ʃa] |
/sjo/
[ʃo] |
/sju/
[ʃu] |
|||
| /z/ |
/zi/
[dʒi] |
/zï/
[dzï] |
/ze/
[dze] |
/zë/
[dzë] |
/za/
[dza] |
/zo/
[dzo] |
/zu/
[dzu] |
/zja/
[dʒa] |
/zjo/
[dʒo] |
/zju/
[dʒu] |
|||
|
/r/
[ 12 ] |
/ri/
[ɾi] |
/rï/
[ɾï] |
(/re/
[ɾe]) |
/rë/
[ɾë] |
/ra/
[ɾa] |
/ro/
[ɾo] |
/ru/
[ɾu] |
/rja/
[ɾja] |
/rjo/
[ɾju] |
/rju/
[ɾju] |
|||
| /n ʔ / |
/n
ʔ
i/
[ɲ ʔ i] |
/n
ʔ
a/
[n ʔ a] |
|||||||||||
| /n/ |
/ni/
[ɲi] |
/nï/
[nï] |
/ne/
[ne] |
/në/
[në] |
/na/
[na] |
/no/
[no] |
/nu/
[nu] |
/nja/
[ɲa] |
/njo/
[ɲo] |
/nju/
[ɲu] |
|||
| /p ʔ / |
/p
ʔ
i/
[p ʔ i] |
/p
ʔ
e/
[p ʔ e] |
/p
ʔ
ë/
[p ʔ ë] |
/p
ʔ
a/
[p ʔ a] |
/p
ʔ
o/
[p ʔ o] |
/p
ʔ
u/
[p ʔ u] |
/p
ʔ
jo/
[p ʔ jo] |
/p
ʔ
ju/
[p ʔ ju] |
|||||
| /b/ |
/bi/
[bi] |
/bï/
[bï] |
/be/
[be] |
/bë/
[bë] |
/ba/
[ba] |
/bo/
[bo] |
/bu/
[bu] |
/bja/
[bja] |
/bjo/
[bjo] |
/bju/
[bju] |
|||
| /m ʔ / |
/m
ʔ
a/
[m ʔ a] |
/m
ʔ
o/
[m ʔ o] |
|||||||||||
| /m/ |
/mi/
[mi] |
/mï/
[mï] |
/më/
[më] |
/ma/
[ma] |
/mo/
[mo] |
/mu/
[mu] |
/mja/
[mja] |
/mjo/
[mjo] |
/mju/
[mju] |
||||
| Fonemik | /Q/ [p, t, k] | /N/ [m, n, ŋ] | |||||||||||
Lihat pula
Referensi
Catatan kaki
-
^
a
b
c
d
Amami Oshima Utara
di
Ethnologue
(edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ryn .
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Northern Amami-Oshima" . Glottolog 4.8 . Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Bahasa Amami Ōshima Utara" . www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ a b "ams | ISO 639-3" . iso639-3.sil.org . Diakses tanggal 2020-02-25 .
- ^ a b "ryn | ISO 639-3" . iso639-3.sil.org . Diakses tanggal 2020-02-25 .
- ^ Heinrich, Patrick (2014-08-25). "Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues" . The Japan Times (dalam bahasa Inggris) . Diakses tanggal 2020-09-15 .
- ^ Anderson, Mark (January 2019). "Studies of Ryukyu-substrate Japanese" . Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics (dalam bahasa Inggris): 441–457. doi : 10.4324/9781315213378-28 . ISBN 9781315213378 .
- ^ Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1976). " Amami hōgen no on'in 奄美方言の音韻". Ryūkyū hōgen on'in no kenkyū 琉球方言音韻の研究 (dalam bahasa Jepang). hlm. 312–370.
- ^ Shigehisa Karimata (2015) "Ryukyuan languages: a grammar overview", in Heinrich, Miyara, & Shimoji (eds) Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
- ^ Nakamoto 1976 , hlm. 314-320.
- ^ Nakamoto 1976 , hlm. 319.
Daftar pustaka
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Japonik
Kepulauan |
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Japonik
Semenanjung † |
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